Charles Jencks and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism - Essay Example For Jencks, Postmodernism hybridizes modernism by reweaving the recent modern past and local culture in to a single entity. He defines Postmodernism as the reaction against the monolithic architectural principles of Modernism. Postmodern architecture is a return to the sense of meaningful or referential function of architecture. It is a renewed awareness of the suppressed linguistic or connotative dimension in architecture and is expressed with contextualism and with a collaborative use of modern as well local or historical or referential elements in design. In spite of its opposition to modernism, Postmodernism has its roots in modernism which as we know rejected all old Victorian ideals of how art should be made, interpreted and what it should mean. Architects tried to get away from the philosophical, ethical and formal dictation of the rationalism by a playful and ironical association with construction forms, architectural historical quotations and stylistically contamination and this eventually lead to Postmodernism. The movement largely has been a reaction to the orthodoxy, austerity, and formal absolutism of the International Style. Postmodernism describes the returning tendency of assembling organic narration and historical references in architectural designs by a process of assimilation and re-interpretation; the assimilation of the essence of historical works and reinterpreting the same in combination with the modernist style, thus creating a hybridized form of art. Hence Postmodern architecture is characterized by the incorporation of historical details in a hybrid rather than a pure style, by the use of decorative elements, by a more personal and exaggerated style, and by references to popular modes of building. This ty pe of architecture where reference and ornament have returned to the facade, replacing the aggressively unornamented modern styles, has also been described as "neo-eclectic". This Post modernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. It is a rejection of strict rules set by the early modernists and seeks exuberance in the use of building techniques, angles, and stylistic references. Postmodern architecture is a return to the sense of meaningful or referential function of architecture, a renewed awareness of the suppressed linguistic or connotative dimension in architecture. Jencks was on of the first to transfer the term 'Post Modern' from literary expression, where it was first used in 1975 to architecture. And in this manner he is the first to theorize postmodernism from the perspective of architecture. Jencks and some other post-modernists believe that post-modernism really began to emerge in the counter-culture of the 1960s. In the West it was a period of questioning and challenging rules and norms, and of embracing spiritual and artistic modes from other cultures that had previously been ignored. According to Jencks's earlier definition, postmodernism describes anything that was build after 1972, the year in which the Pruitt-Igoe project in St Louis for low-income housing was eventually destroyed with dynamite. Jencks's Concept of Modernism and its Shortcomings Jencks claims that modern architecture developed from the interests of large corporations on account of the progress in

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Personal statement - Essay Example The second main attribute that grasped my attention, was the association of this school to moral and religious values. The values of this school, J-CHIEFS, hold every possible element that a human needs to flourish in a career like pharmacy, which requires brilliance in order to serve mankind. I feel it is the spiritual aspect incorporated in the curriculum of this establishment, which is makes it stand out from all other pharmacy institutions. For me, it is not just strict pharmaceutical education that I would like to learn about, but also the fundamentals a human need to make him kind and modest. Besides the religious portion, the excellence in teaching pharmacy provided here will help me develop into the pharmacist I dream to be. Being a nurse, every single day I deal with people who have injuries, which sometimes can be cured and are sometimes disabling for life. No matter how much property, finances or education you have, sometimes it is just one miracle that saves your life. When no medicine or cure is available for a disease or condition, it is our prayers and faith that help so many among us to survive. Being in a medical care profession, I have seen people, with all the privileges in the world, dying in a single instant. On the other hand, I’ve witnessed many survive miraculously; in that very miracle, I have seen a glimpse of God, and no doubt it has been one of the most moving experiences of my life. And it is with that spirit and emotion in my mind and heart that I’ve chosen Pharmacy through which I can be a part of this miracle; I can save a life. Working in the profession of nursing, I developed a sense of wanting more for myself and others. It was the passion and the drive to do more, to serve more, that my interest in the field of Pharmacy grew stronger. I have seen many patients go through pain and suffering, and ultimately dying because there was no cure or medication for the illness

Ralph Ellisons essay An Extravagance of Laughter Essay Example for Free

Ralph Ellisons essay An Extravagance of Laughter Essay Ralph Ellison in his essay, An Extravagance of Laughter demonstrated the living condition of black life in the segregated 1930s. Ellison grew up in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Unfortunately, His father past away when he was only three. He lived with his mother and brother in absolute poverty, but always believe that he could overcome the limits of racial prejudice. Throughout the years, Ellison fell in love with Africa-American music (Jazz). He played Trumpet and thought himself Louis Armstrong solos. For Ellison and many other blacks in the south, personal choice (privileges) was something they were lacking. He states, you lived in a Negro neighborhood because you were forced to do so, and because you preferred living among those of your own background. Which was easy to answer, because having to experience life in a mixed neighborhood as a child, I preferred to live where people spoke my own version of the American Language; and where misreading of the tone or gesture were less likely to ignite literal conflict (Ellison 145). By this, people did not have any choice about where they live. At times, They preferred to live among those of their own background just because they did not want to deal with inferiority. Imagine living in a place were you were not wanted, and where people were aggravating you and your family from day to day. People really do not want to deal with negative attitudes and they certainly will not live around it. Many people believe its more comfortable to live around people with the same background as they are. By doing so, its easier to understand each others view about a certain point. Not only they were forced to live in places they did not want to live; public transportation was places of hallucinations for Negroes. Once their fares were deposited, they were sent straight to the rear. During such time, both the driver and white folks tormented them. Imagine the type of pushing and shoveling that occurred. Such dramatic and inconsiderate attitude can cause horrible effects on a pregnant woman. Getting push on a moving bus is very dangerous. After all the disappointments in the south, an old hero and friend, Langston Hughes invited Ellison, to be his guest at a Broadway theater. The play, Jack Kirklands dramatization of Erskine Caldwells famous novel Tobacco Road left a great impression on him. The comedy and the extravagance of laughter told Ellison many things about himself. I couldnt have put it into words at the time, but by forcing me to see the comedy in Jeeter Lesters Condition and allowing me to react to it in an interracial situation without the threat of physical violence, Caldwell told me something important about who I was (Ellison 171). As we can see, the author was in a safe house and he mentioned how the play made him a better person, and how he became a more tolerant American. The play helped him to deal with the horrible experiences that he encountered in the south. In the south, there were no contests because the white man always won; where as in the north, survival of the fittest was the issue. It gave him a chance to redeem his self-dignity. The moment of laughter was the point when a change occurred in Ellisons life. He produced a new drama in the theater when he started laughing. Once his laughing got going, it was a germ that affected many people. This play allowed Ellison to understand his role in the American society. By doing so, it helped him to remember the important part, which is not to think about racism, but to think about race in conjunction to the south, and New York. Ellisons experience in learning to be a New Yorker was something he never forgets. He states, Madam, all you had to do was risk the slight possibility that I just might be a gentleman. Because if you had, I would have been compelled to step aside (Ellison 144). From this quote, we can all see the meaning into the authors words. In the south, it would be required for a black person to get up and offer their seat to a white one. Nevertheless, They were in New York, and Laws did not recommend such thing. The lady got herself into a shuffle with him and fortunately he won. Its that aggressiveness that caused Ellison to retaliate and not offer her the seat. For Ellison, The notion of imagined communities (Benedict Anderson) as Pratt says came about his experiences. This illustrated the inner self-esteem that he had to reach within himself to bring out to society. He gathered up all his experiences from the south and those he acquired from  New York to stand up for himself and not to let society destroy it. One way to connect Pratts observation about the contact zone and safe houses with Ellisons feeling that he was on a journey without a map is to connect both authors points of view, and how they tried to persuade their readers. Ellison States, This made for a constant struggle over the nature of reality, in which each group probed and sparred as they tried to determined the others true motives and opinions (Ellison 160). This quote indicates that people should drop their mask and try to put their differences aside to connect with one another. We must retrieve our logical inspiration, and break the barriers of stupidity. In her essay, Arts of the Contact Zone, Pratt observed how society must get rid of racism, and destroys the shadow of ignorance. She states, meanwhile, our job in the American course remains to figure out how to make that crossroad the best site for learning that it can be (Pratt 541). She demonstrated many ways to develop social and intellectual differences. She stressed the importance of what we came to call safe house, which are places that groups can constitute as communities. Pratt stated the way to comprehend communication and behavior is through common rules that must be shared. She mentioned how different personalities interpret a common rule. In her essay, Guaman Pomas unread masterpiece and Benedict Andersons theory of imagine communities demonstrated her argument. These examples are part of what someone should strongly focus on to understand their cultures as well as others. As both authors Stated, Our position in relation to the issue of contact, safety, mapping and community is very important. First, Ellison mentioned, And just as Henry James felt it prudent to warn Americans against a superstitious elevation of Europe, Negro folklore with its arrays of survival strategies warned me against an overvaluation of white pretensions. And despite their dominance and low opinion of Negro intelligence, white suspected the presence of profound reservations even when Negroes were far less assertive than they are today (Ellison 160).  Throughout this essay, Its clear that racism played a big part throughout society. The above statement mentioned how whites were looking down at Negroes. Even with their greatest efforts, Negroes were still underestimated.

The Pharmaceutical Industries Facing Challenges Commerce Essay

The Pharmaceutical Industries Facing Challenges Commerce Essay In last few years pharmaceutical industries facing challenges because of economic downturn, increased healthcare cost, rise development cost, pharmaceutical sales in the market, increased competition for generic drug products, regulatory pressure cause weak US pharmaceutical growth. Few blockbuster drugs come to the market Because of decreased New Chemical Entities (NCE) research, development marketing. Pharmaceutical manufacturing sector plays serious role in US economy. Manufacturing and Good Distribution Practice (GDP) for pharmaceutical drug products decreases as compare to last few years. But at the same time, Chinese share increases up to 17%. It is important part of US economy, but manufacturing is no more prevailing part of US economy. Finally some industries adapted few solutions to overcome problems. Analyst focuses on commercial view of the companies and gives some advice that will use in current market and successful future. Objective Small scale large scale manufacturing companies have to think about their production in growing global market. The main object of topic is to evaluate and observe future of the manufacturing practice in global market by creating model. Due to growth of market, companies have to reduce manufacturing cost to stand in competition, raise profits and market share on expanding goal audience. They create new drug products in the market and maintain required quality of the drugs with low cost to hold their regular customer and attract new customers. Figure 1 Frame Work Diagram Global Environment Companies are going to preplan before any outsider affect the manufacturing process of the drug product. Company can aware of market economy, globalization, latest technologies develop in manufacturing field, demographics etc. Strategic Responses Strategic response in pharmaceutical manufacturing is used in production flexibilities, create design of new drug product, new manufacturing process with newly discover drug products, connection with internet which gives good communication between employees and data. SME Recommendations In last step, more focus on prescription information then description information. Main focus of prescriptive strategy is on customer satisfaction, market scenario, newly develop technologies in the pharmaceutical field and networking. Business Strategy First of all companies are aware of market, competition, relative drug manufacturing, material and employment costs, governments legal policies as per countries rules. Create a plan and criteria to achieve successful marketing, saving money and revenue, highly trained staff new technologies with freshly set goals in business sector. It includes financial investigation, business fact, material sourcing, stock management, manufacturing, in process management, distribution, promotion and marketing management. Changes in the global market is very quick so by using metrics and management guidelines to improves business strategies, add and improve necessary information in business. Management can give change to every employee for their individual suggestion to improve business strategy. [1] Growing Environment Manufacturing of one drug product is difficult task to do. Because it to difficult to understand demand of the drug product in coming few years. Company may invest millions of dollars for new drug manufacturing, its approval, marketing and promotion. If drug cannot pass in clinical trial because of its undesired adverse effects more than its benefit, so company has to spend money and time to solve this problem. Company spent 3 to 4 years and billions of dollars for building facility for particular type of drug product and there is no security that the new product is à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“cost effectiveà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and capable enough to fit in companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s criteria profitable enough for the company. [2] Generic drug companies do not face these types of problems and also the margin of profit is less as compare to the Brand Name Drug Company. Just in Time (JIT) in manufacturing Just in time is a pull method of production. Just in time is applied in drug manufacturing process which is used to decrease in process methods and time. JIT is suitable production arrangement when: [3] Specific number of the products prepared by manufacturing process Drug products with high value Less time setup for drug on machine Highly trained staff and flexibility in work Standard product with stable production Quality of the product can be ensured Just in time is used to improve drug product quality and effectiveness. Particular level of the raw material which is specified by the company is decrease at the particular level then company can order new raw materials in the company so it helps to save space in warehouse and reduce to check physical and chemical test of the raw materials. Firstly it was used in ford motor company by Henry Ford. [4] It basically focuses on management and how to implement supply chain in to the specific manufacturing process. JIT gives clear increase in liquid asset of the company by creating tax free and cash flow. Company launch new drug product in to the market at that time low output time is beneficial for unexpected increase in drug requirement. Long output time is normally making detail list of all the items in  stock of the drug product before increasing the demand of product. If we can use JIT in pharmaceutical manufacturing which is not good decision because company has to spent more money to create sturdy method. So we can say that if generic drug product companies use JIT approach is beneficial to them as compared to Brand Name Drug Company. Margin of the saving money by the generic drug product companies are less then Brand Name Drug Company. [5] Weakness of JIT JIT normally used in highly automatic drug production but not in custom made item. Every one relies on others because they are mutually dependent to each other. Weakness of JIT affects on supply chain and it become more costly. It causes drug market fluctuation, improper stock, lack of communication in every stage and also may leads to decrease drug production. [6] Sometime small quantity of material has been used to overcome defective drug product result. If supplier is not going to supply raw material in time to the company, it cause delay in production and distribution. Particular space is used for finished product so surprising order creates problems in finished product department. Global Pharmaceutical Market Figure 2 Global Pharmaceutical Industry Nowadays growth of pharmaceutical markets in the world is 4 to 6% expected value is $825 billion. As per the experts review, growth of pharmaceutical market is increase up to 4 to 7 % by 2013. And expected value of the market increase up to $975+ billion by 2013. In recent scenario, pharmaceutical markets are growing fast in the region of Asia-Pacific. It is because of very low cost and favorable environment with contract manufacturing and generic drug production. Increased in Reach and Development market in this region was helped to gain money up to US $187 billion in 2009. Now limited companies are involved in R D program. Sometime Research Development takes more time as expected so budget increases but company cannot increase product cost due to government policies. As a result companies are not spending time for new drug Research Development. Most recent growing pharmaceutical companies are in India, China, Indonesia, South Korea, and Malaysia due to less cost of the drug prod uct, less labor cost, good health insurance strategies as compare to the US market and it is beneficial to the company for its growth. China possibly becomes biggest pharmaceutical market in the world. India is the 3rd largest manufacturer of pharmaceutical drug product in the world. Expected growth of the pharmaceutical industries in global market in coming years is in China and Russia because they have strong support of government. [7] Demographic in pharmaceutical market With the help of research we can know the demographic review, macroeconomic indicators, disease analysis etc. It is used to know the strategies in the market and successful possibilities in the global pharmaceutical market. Some topics which helps in demographic survey such as: Analyst View Basically analyst checks all details of clinical research study, evaluate them if any problem in machine, human error, quality control system, in process methods etc, arrives in the study, in that case they can overcome the problem and improve with the help of specific method. It helps to save money by increasing product quality. [8] Control in operating cost How to improve quality with less cost of the drug product is very challenging in pharmaceutical market. Understanding cost approach is used to increase margin of the drug manufacturing. Pharmaceutical industries have to take active steps in order to control cost. Cost of Research and Development increases upon discovery of new blockbuster in the market. Attracting and holding skilled workers In pharmaceutical industries, experience and knowledge in the employees is very important. People who are working in the industries are skilled with good knowledge about market, excellent communication skill, Professional behavior, unity, able to manage work load etc. affect the growth of company. Labor cost of the United States is very high as compare to China India. [9] Pharmaceutical Companies facing Challenges Pharmaceutical companies are facing challenges to develop high quality of drug product with less cost due to increase population in the world. To create quality of the drug products give less yield and high market cost, as a result consumer may not use drug product. To solve this problem company has to create new production formulas. They spend billions of dollars for its research; developments, approval, advertisement and marketing with less drug cost without compromising gross send on R D. Companies have to face some geo-political situation. For example; AIDS is major problem in the world. Governments are demanding strict attention on AIDS and give pressure to pharmaceutical companies to search develop new drug product which is used to cure AIDS. Brand Name Drug Company has to face some challenges because after the patent expiry they are allowed new product in to the market, so other companies create same drug which are equivalent to brand name drug in all aspects is called as Ge neric Drugs. Generic manufacturer do not have to get time and money for R D, as a reason generic drugs are less costly. Market share of Brand Name Drug is declines due to generic drug. Health insurance promotes the generic drug use among the consumers for saving bills as a result less research on new drugs. Following are some solution which helps to overcome some challenges facing by pharmaceutical companies. Figure 3 Some Solution stack Alignment with Pharmaceutical Trends Aspirations Pharmaceutical solution provides new and unique method for solubility profile based on drug properties and modifying some process for drug development. These solutions provide management capabilities through various processes leading to progress in work for high level of efficiency. It is very flexible and applies enough in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, DP and Biotechnological drug manufacturing. With the help of true SOPs, we can check manual errors done by employees evaluate it and create a new process how to solve this problem. ISA-95 and ISA-88 is used to define challenges face by clients in management, process analysis, in its data, in schedule etc. Conclusion As per my opinion JIT is very useful system for manufacturing company with wide consignment, suitable material with quality, employees, and different types of equipments can always accessible when required. JIT decreases product waste and provides good quality of products which is prepared by manufacturer, supplier and consumer. In short, JIT is a one of the Ladder with continuous stages of loyalty to do job in proper way in growing global market. Nowadays pharmaceutical industries face many challenges of surviving in this global market. Generic manufacturer are facing competition for generic products, force for restrict drug price due to government policies and increase RD cost due to governmental demands. Active pharmaceutical Ingredients production began in china and India before few years.

Obesity in America Essay -- Health Diet Nutrition

Obesity is on the rise, and it is becoming more and more of a national health concern. It effects more than 1/3 of the population, and an additional 1/3 is overweight. With obesity becoming more and more of a problem each year, the American population is going to suffer from a catastrophic health emergency. What is obesity? Obesity is a heath condition where the subject has an abnormally large amount of fat for their height. A person who has a body mass index of over 30 is classified obese by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines. Who does obesity affect? Obesity affects 1/3 of all classes of Americans. However, the highest percentage of obese people per captain can be found in the lower class. The lower class typically eats more cheap, highly processed, high-calorie foods. What causes obesity? Overweight and obesity result from an energy imbalance. This involves eating too many calories and not getting enough physical activity. High calorie foods are more easily available today than ever before. Americans have also never had a less active lifestyle. What action can be taken? I b...

The Truman Show Essay example -- Papers

'The Truman Show' is the story of a baby who is bought by a television company at birth. He becomes the star of the television programme, but he has no idea that his life is being filmed. All the people in his life, such as his wife, best friend, and colleagues are actors. There are no set scripts. There are three different worlds shown in the film: Truman's world, the producer's world, and the real world when we see the viewers watching the programme in the homes. The film starts when Truman is twenty-nine. We see him begin to become suspicious, by odd occurrences, such as a light falling from the sky, the way his friends and family advertise things, and people that accidentally get on the show and tell him things. Truman has always wanted to travel, but obviously he can't because the set of 'The Truman Show' is only one town. He saw his father 'die' whilst they were sailing together, and the fictional director of 'The Truman Show' did this so Truman would be thalassophobic, and wouldn't want to travel that way. Eventually he wants to get out of the town because of all these suspicions, and he gets delayed for ages trying to go by car. He plucks up the courage to go by boat and after sailing for a while he hits a backdrop with clouds painted on it. Christof's voice is heard and he speaks to Truman, though he can't be seen. He tries to persuade Truman to stay in the world he created for him, and tells him that he is the star of a television show. Truman finds a door, and after some conversing with Christof, he leaves. The director's intentions ------------------------- Peter Weir was the director of the film, 'The Tru... ...ch as a busy pub all watching, the two old ladies, the security guards, the man in the bath, and Sylvia. We also see shots from the producers control room, so in this last sequence we see from all of the three worlds that we se at different stages in the film. Up until now, the different worlds are shown, but they're quite spaced out in the film. In this last sequence, we see them a lot more regularly, instead of just Truman's. It almost seems that we see from the audience more to show that Truman is going to be in that world soon. People from the different worlds are coming together, because Truman's left, and the production team will all be out of jobs. This is important because there is a lot in the film saying that the real world is a bad place, but in the end it's where we all come from, and where we all belong.

Final Nerrative Essay

He became difficult and refused to listen to Our mother. He would stroll the the streets all night and routinely come back home with items we suspect were stolen. My parents had always pondered upon and discussed the consequences of leaving us alone, without the guidance and support of both a mother and father. But because of our financial situation, my father needed to make the sacrifice. We all needed to sacrifice something. Subsequently, the behavior of my brother got worse over time and finally hit rock bottom one cold night. One Friday night approximately at 9 p. . , I was returning from school, about a block away from my house, I spotted a group of kids beating up a person. As I got closer, I recognized the unconscious body of my brother. Me being only 13 at the time, I launched myself with the greatest possible might at these bullies, which were in their twenties. Recall about 20 seconds of the fight, as I was getting stomped in my face, lying on the wet ground. To this day, I can still smell the dirt, water, blood, and leaves of that particular bush that grows around the rivers in that region of Mexico.The next day woke up in a hospital, and my first thought was about my brother. Was he well? Where was he? I ignored my head covered in bandages and the pain of my broken arm. Not even the fact that my dad flew from Los Angles and was there by my side. My heart began to fill with anger towards the man beside me, for failing to be there for us, and leaving his wife and children alone for months. When the nurse finally rolled my brother in on a squeaky hospital bed into the room, the whole family burst into tears the moment my brother and I embraced. Those were the tears of enormous relief that we were both alive.Up to this day, it has been the only time I have seen my dad cry. That day, all of us cried as a family in that cold blue pine smelling hospital room. During the following weeks of our recovery our father stayed in Mexico with us. About 3 weeks afte r this ordeal, we went back with the local police to the area where my brother and were attacked. The eerie feeling embraced us, as we walked down the block to that area. I will never forget the look on my father's face, as he looked at the scattered broken branches and our blood on he concrete floor, where we laid that night.For my father, the realization of his sons coming close to losing their lives finally struck him, he broke down. The police never found out what gang was responsible for the attack; though, still have a feeling that my brother knew some of them, but I never pushed the issue upon him after that. My parents discussed the option of sending my brother to a military school for kids who are on the wrong path in life, but a funny thing occurred. Once my father was with us fulfillment, my brother Joe completely changed, it was as a light bulb went off. Never again he got into trouble.For the sake of the family, my parents made a decision to move back to California. We sold our house in Mexico and within months, the whole family moved back to Los Angles. My brother continued to behave, as he confidently found his positive path. It ultimately took the presence of my father to turn him around. Frequently hear arguments in single parent households, that a father is not needed for happiness and stability in the family. In some instances that might be true, however, when it comes to our family, our father is the glue hat has kept us together to this day.