Health Care Innovation Essay

Asthma is most common in children it begins at infancy and continues to adulthood. Approximate 40,000 Americans miss school or work. This is costing the United States economies about $56 billion a year. Research companies are coming up with 74 new medicines to treat or present asthma. By producing new medicines it will help reduce the cost of asthma. Asthmas are often described with symptoms of a cough which can be worse at night. Wheezing is a noise heard in the airways this is most common in children who live in urban areas. They may be exposed to the most dangerously cock roach antigens, dust mites or pet danger. The high risk for the children had more hospitalizations unscheduled medical visits. Patients can face multiple barriers to care such as lack of routine pediatrician visits and have no access to asthma specialty care. The benefits patient’s especially preschool children there are a Head Start program in Baltimore Maryland, where all the children in the program can receive services through a pediatric asthma clinic while also learning and educating themselves from asthma educators. The mobile clinic offers asthma examination and prescriptions along with parent education about the disease. The asthma educator does a home visit where he or she explains how the program works and how the parents can learn to communicate with the pediatrician another option would be to offer the family to accompany them to their physician’s office. Each year Breath mobile sends forms home with for parents interested in a visit. The parents fill out the form and have the child bring it back to school the next day. Next the assessment where each child gets a form and the screening comes back with presence symptomatic asthma. The staff reaches out to them to schedule a visit during school hours where both child and parent need to attend. A team of pediatric allergist or pulmonologist comes in with a NP, RN, where the examination takes place with each child. Their main focus is on medical history and testing the child’s lung function. Medications should be taken to prevent any flare up. Families receive asthma education and also to follow up with your primary care physician. Some of the new medicines they are trying out is a momocinioal antibody that inhibits eosinophils( a type of white blood cell) form accumulating in the lungs. Next, a new inhalation therapy that harnesses the body’s natural defense in the airway against asthma. Lastly, a medicine that blocks the pro-inflammatory effect of prostaglandin in allergic asthma. (innovations.org 2012) Another development is with 4 new medicines the first one is reducing eosiophil accumulation which means the white blood cells is important for killing parasites in the body, although it can occur in your lung tissues which will damage the lining of your air passage. Second, controlling pathogens is an inhalation therapy. Third alleviating allergy systems there is a protein called interieukin that plays a role in the symptoms of allergic asthma. The increased mucus may contribute to the airway obstruction. Another one is blocking inflammatory response where the prostaglandin and protein receptor crth2 of allergens will cause imflammorty cells to flare up. I think this asthma innovation will decrease health care spending. By offering more services such as these above more children will be able to breathe better. Their not many appointments scheduled or kept. Some of the children had no change in symptoms. When bringing a mobile clinic it did not change the access of care. Families should be more educated about asthma, and be able to have a community advocate. Let parents choose convenient times include other options for expanding interventions. Every child that suffers with asthma will benefit from this and the parents will be relieved such services existed. This will help them live a happy life and to control there breathing would be helpful also and be able to avoid asthma attacks. In addition the number of hospitals visits for pediatric asthma medical assistance has increased. This is measured by how many ambulatory visits, emergency department use. Since 2000 ambulatory visits are increasing due to disease severity and health care utilization. The youngest boys (0-4 years of age) used ambulatory care and hospital services more frequently than did girls of the same age, but different according to sex decreased to insigifant levels in the 11-17 year old age group. (hing, 2004) Path physiology of Asthma Airway inflammation continues to expand and may be an alliance of many cells types. Asthma can be difficult to diagnosis in infants and toddlers. Wheezing has been suggested as the most important symptom in identifying asthma in disease population studies. (Gergen 1998) With the variety of etiologies, asthma is characterized by heterogeneity. The improved phenotype was to classify the missing compounds of heritability. The term phenotype, as introduced by Johannes and Shull was intended to characterize different â€Å"types† of organisms distinguishable by their observable characteristics (eg, shape, structure, size and color.) New Innovations Along with new research and development of diagnostician wheeze indemnification. A deceiver called Pulmotrack and wheezeometer will help with young children who are unable to cooperate. This device was successful used in brochoprovocation testing in infants. The current asthma inhaler children are using cost effective and it is the safest scientific approach for asthma therapy. While you are at your physicians office the cost is determined by which drug of choice, availability and reimbursement options. The device the doctor chooses should be tailored to their age. With health care spending on this innovation will stay the same? Unless they are able to determine a better treatment for kids. I think parents and doctors should be educated about the risks and medication using. If they do need to change medications for any reason then go back to your physician and have them look it over. Every patient should have a written asthma plan which should include the following: regarding triggers, medications, and emergency contracts. This information should be reviewed at every visit. Intervention is the best out come for asthma patients, whether a school based clinic, doctor’s office, or a parent helps them out. Factors are still missing with regards to epidemiology, pathophysioogy environmental control these have yet to be resolved. Asthma is diagnosed in children from infancy to adulthood it can come from dust mites, air in the environment tobacco smoke. Researchers are studying new ways to treat asthma for patients. In developing new medicines to kill parasites by controlling pathogens while targeting interleukin and environmental allergens. With all this new technology and medicine coming into the future children will be able to have better control over there asthma systems and will not have to worry about it all their life. References Eakin MN, Rand CS, Biderback A, et.al. Asthma in Head Start Children. Effects of the Breathmobile Program and family communications on Asthma outcomes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Published online November 21, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.jacionline.org/article/s0091-6749(1)01622-8/abstract Gergen PJ, Mullay DI, Evans R III. National Survey of prevalence of asthma among children in the United States, 1976-1980. Pediatrics 1988; 81(1);1-7. Hing E, Cherry DK, Woodwell DA, National Ambulatory Medical care survey: 2004. Advance data from vital and health statistics; no 374. National center for health statistics; 2006. Innovation in Action: The Improving Asthma care for children programs. Retrieved from http://www.pediatricasthma.org/Medicaid_managed_care Innovation.org Asthma March 5, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.inovovatioin.org/index.cfm/futureofinnovation/newmedicineindevelopment/asthma.

Maggie: a Girl on the Streets

Maggie: A Girl On the Streets The problems that were faced by Maggie, and many other women in the lower social-economic levels during the Gilded Age, are almost unbearable to imagine. She faced discrimination, attachment issues, and grew up with a dysfunctional family that failed to show affection. Fortunately for Maggie, she wasn’t like the people she lived around. As Stephen Crane put it, â€Å"None of the dirt of Rum Alley seemed to be in her veins† (Maggie 16). This unique feature acquired by Maggie gave her the ability to improve her chance, even by a slim chance.Maggie grew up with a family who would have been classified as the low-class, in the scums of New York City. This is where Maggie naturally sets back her chances on eventually leaving her awful neighborhood, also known as Rum Alley. The name of the neighborhood basically describes the type of neighborhood it really is. It’s filled with many alcoholic families, with children who don’t receive the affection that they deserve from their elders. This unfortunately makes it difficult for Maggie to find help inside her neighborhood, which forces her to make good decisions inside her neighborhood.Maggie was discriminated on mainly for one reason: for being a woman. During this time period, women were socially accepted inside the house, but not out of it. On the streets was where men were found whether they were working, or drinking at the local tavern. Women at this time were harassed unapologetically. For example, when Pete comes to Maggie’s house he tells her, â€Å"I'm stuck on yer shape. It's outa sight. † (Maggie 19). Maggie didn’t want to end up as a low-life scum living as a housewife when she became older. She wanted to be somebody. Discrimination of women and lower-class citizens unfairly held Maggie back from the start.She had a slim-to-none chance. Maggie suffered attachment issues numerous times in the novel. She became afraid to befriend anyon e because all of her previous attachments had left her. Maggie finds herself falling for a young man named Pete. Pete comes off as a nice gentleman, but behind his good looks is just another boy looking for a good time. He keeps this hidden from Maggie until after he seduces her into having sex, then leaves her. Maggie’s brother, Jimmie, abandons her after Maggie â€Å"brings disgrace on the family† after having sex with Pete. Maggie’s mother, Mary, abandons her after Maggie runs away from home.Mary blames Maggie on her immorality instead of considering her own alcohol problem. As stated before, Rum Alley was occupied with several alcohol-induced dwellers that participated in lower-class activities such as street fighting. Maggie’s family wasn’t any exception. Both Maggie’s parents were extreme alcoholics. Mary was destructive as they get. Considered the incarnation of the devil, Mary is hypocritical enough to condemn her daughter for immora lity. Maggie’s father, Mr. Johnson, is only referred to his last name in the book. He isn’t in the novel for very long until he dies.What is seen of Mr. Johnson is a brutally violent father who dwells at the bars every night to escape the â€Å"living hell† at home. Jimmie is Maggie’s brother. In spite of the abuse he receives at home, he fights on the streets. Jimmie is a hotheaded fighter that refuses to back down. For example,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Naw,’ responded Jimmie with a valiant roar, ‘dese micks can't make me run,’† Jimmie says in one of the first lines in the book (Maggie 1). Although Jimmie and Maggie seem to somewhat get along in the beginning of the novel, Jimmie ends up scorning Maggie and blaming her for what happened with Pete.Jimmie is hypocritical in his reasoning because he too has seduced and abandoned women in the past. Maggie grew up in a place with no hope; a place where many are born and never leave. Maggie had a vision to leave Rum Alley. This vision eventually seemed out of her grasp, and she decided to end her life because of it. Maggie overcame many obstacles in her life including discrimination, attachment issues, and faced an abusive and dysfunctional family her entire life. Maggie is a great example of a visionary, or one who thinks about the future with imagination and wisdom. We could all use a little Maggie’s vision in us.

Leadership Profile PART II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership Profile PART II - Essay Example All sorts of leaders, be it a political leader, group/team leader (for a project), leader in any field or discipline(s) and any n' every leader; they, despite being unique by several of their attributes, they have a few similarities (Gareth & Charles, 2005). They show some of the similar patterns which can be integrated into a few categories or types of leadership styles as per the leadership theories given by renowned observers and theorists. These include several theories which have provided exceptional guidance to assist people over the whole globe and to help out leaders in leading their subordinates effectively as per the prevailing conditions and situation of an organization. Some of those world renowned theories are discussed briefly below. It will be pertinent to note here that we have already looker at the reasons and chosen the transformational leadership style to explain the behaviour of our chosen leader namely Mr. Thaksin Shinawatra. Fred Fiedler was the one who developed a contingency or situational theory of leadership. Leadership theories may be of great help in molding the behaviors of leaders but they also need to be effective enough to assist leaders in different situations. Now that many theories are there, a lot of researchers have agreed on the point that actually no "one" style of leadership is always right for every person, who is a leader. Therefore, for different conditions and circumstances, these conditional theories were developed to be applicable in different cases with respect to the task at hand, the type of organization and the people involved (G. Northouse, 2006). In this theory, the developer i.e. Fiedler emphasized on three main things that were the structure of the task, the relationship between the leaders and the subordinates, and the power that the leader has and is entitled to exercise on his own discretion. Transformational Leadership: James MacGregor Burns wrote in his book 'Leadership' about the concept of "transforming leadership" (G. Northouse, 2006). According to him, transformational leadership actually takes place when a leader changes his subordinates or followers in three important styles. He inculcates a feeling of cumulative and/or shared gains in the employees i.e. to work not only for their selves only but also fro the sake of the organization's benefit. This results in the subordinates having more trust in their leader, performing at higher levels of productivity and effectively contributes to the achievement of the organizational goal and objectives that are the target for any organization. (Bernard M. Bass, 2005) Path-Goal Theory of Leadership: This theory emphasizes on the leaders to motivate their employees by clearly stating them the means of achieving high. This includes guiding them as to how they should achieve the organizational goals, controlling their performance and monitoring their output results, lauding them for good work and respecting what they did and then further guiding them how to improve on the mistakes that were made and also how to achieve new and higher benchmarks. Leader-Style Theory: Leader style, also known as "Trait Theory" is another way of identifying and analyzing the key characteristics of a successful leader. This approached was used for actually separating the critical leadership traits of born-leaders so that

The Arab experience in adapting to American society Essay

The Arab experience in adapting to American society - Essay Example I was very happy when I was accepted in the UNC to finish my studies there, I had been hoping very much that would be admitted there because I had heard a lot of good things about the university, I have never met anyone who has been to the school but in the internet people say it is a good place. I hope it will be good for me so I can finish my studies in America before I go back to my country so I can continue with my dream of becoming a great general like my father. I also am glad to be in the university because that means I will be studying with other students who are good in speaking English as their mother tongue so I will be able to learn how to speak it very well from them. Back home, my main hobbies were playing football and taking trips and travelling, I used to spend a lot of time driving my parents car and even went outside our town to explore, sometimes I could use a bike. In since primary school I have played soccer with my friends and I spend a lot of time in the field, I play the position of a defender. Back home, we watch American football on TV and I think it is very good, I hope I can get a chance to play, because of my army training I am sure I can be able to learn the game quickly. To me the chance to study in a great American university is very important because I have always wanted to study here, when I was young we would read textbooks showing big cities and roads in America and I would say that I wanted to go and visit one day and maybe study.Because of that, coming here to me was like a golden chance.... run many kilometers in the hot sun and practice matching for a long time, however since I wanted to be like my father, I persevered and I was able to become successful. However I decided even if I wanted to become a general like my father, I should travel and acquire more knowledge which I could use in life later as well as their skills not limited to military ones. Because of this, I moved to the United States after I got a scholarship and in January 2012 I came here to America and registered in Fort Collins where I studied English so I could improve my communication and reading skills as well as be able to study other subjects in America. This was however very difficult for me since Arabic was my first language which I had spoken all my life and it was very different from English, and writing and learning the alphabet and letters of English was hard and it took me almost on and a half years to finish the course and even if my English is still not very good I practice every day and I talk to a lot of my Americans friends so I can learn it from them. This is because the best method to learn a language is not by going to school but by using it through speaking to people who understand it well. I discovered that in America most people are christens but very many also have other religions and some do not have religion at all. In my home country, this is very different because almost everybody I know is a Muslim, I was taught since I was a child to love god and respect other people and their faith even it is different from mine. This is easy in America because people do not treat me differently because I am a Muslim, in fact everyday even here I go to a mosque every day for prayer, this is enjoyable because apart from prayers I can meet other Muslims and we can talk and

Visual analysis of The Merode Altarpiece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual analysis of The Merode Altarpiece - Essay Example The Merode Altarpiece is a painting by Renaissance artist Robert Campin whose creation time is around 1427 to 1432. The painting was created in Tournai in the Netherlands, which is the artist’s place of origin but it is currently on display at the Metropolitan Museum in the United States (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). The painting is divided into three panels; the main panel shows the moment just before the annunciation of Mary. She is sitting on the floor reading a bible and is looking down. To her left is an angel she is not aware of, with an oval table separating them. A small figure of Jesus is flying towards Mary holding a crucifix. The right panel has Saint Joseph in a carpentry workshop where he is making mousetraps with a townscape appearing behind him in an open window. The right panel has two figures, assumingly the commissioners of the painting, called the donors waiting to go inside an open door (Barnet, Peter, & Nancy 125). This painting also goes by the name à ¢â‚¬Å"The Annunciation†, which is an event in the Christian Holy Bible in which a virgin by the name of Mary receives the news of her appointment to be the earthly mother of God’s son, Jesus.An angel from heaven visits her while she is at home and gives her the good news. The name itself also hints one on the purpose of the painting: Christian believers or cathedrals for devotional and aesthetic purposes commissioned altarpieces. It is therefore a religious artwork. The artist captures the human figures and specifically their faces with their expressions on, making the artwork more of a combination of portraits to make a composition. However, there are outdoor scenes appearing from the openings and windows in the backgrounds depicting cityscapes. The work therefore combines both landscape and portraiture although the portraiture aspect seems to dominate more. According to the Metropolitan Museum, The Merode Altarpiece measures 64.5 cm in length by 117.8 cm as an overall painting with a main panel of dimensions 64.1cm by 63.2 cm, and two identical side panels measuring 64.5cm by 27.3cm each. The width of the painting is slightly below two times the height therefore creating a rectangular (landscape) orientation of the work. The artist employs much use of rectangles, squares, and straight lines in vertical or horizontal movements that harmoniously blend in with the shape of the frame. For instance, in the middle panel where the figures are in a room and the wall and ceiling lines originate from the background and come to meet the frame, creating a view as if one is peering through a window or the wall is missing (Nici 243). The frames merge with most of the shapes rather than disagree with or break them. The Merode Altarpiece is oil on Oakwood. The style of creating workspace and framing is popular as panel art. Panel art is a technique of creating frames in the renaissance period where artists had carpenters make them wooden panels covered with clo th and plastered with gesso paste to create a smooth painting surface (D’Elia 19). The work is done in oil paints, which is another preference of most renaissance artists. During the renaissance period, the use of tempera colors was becoming unpopular as artists discovered that oil

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Project management - Essay Example t on various dimensions which include limitations of available risk identification methods and optimization, examples of risks, use of Critical Chain methodology in event organization and evaluation of waterfall and agile methodologies Evaluate advantages and limitations of the available risk identification methods and conclude on an optimal, well-balanced combination of them to be used in a project of your choice. (20) Provide 3 examples of potential risks that could be obtained through each of the techniques in such an ‘optimised’, project-tailored list Key characteristics exist in any project. For instance in this case, consideration of installation of selling and purchasing software in an organization is ideal in explaining the attributes relative to project management. In essence, installation of a software that tracks, ordering, invoicing, payment and dispatch of goods in an organization is a complex process which should be guided by the principles relative to project management in a bid to attain the set goals. In any project, the element of management is inevitable and it is guided by the various tools and principles. Some of them include SMART and PESTEL (COVELLO & MERKHOFER, 1993). Consideration of SMART helps in understanding the key features of a project. Consider the following illustration. The process of project management as mentioned earlier is definitive in nature in the sense that it has a beginning point and an end. This implies that the attributes of specificity, measurability, relevancy and attainability crowns the aspect of timing of a project. It is imperative to note that, the numerous uncertainties stand a chance to occur during this process and this explains the necessity of the risk identification (KENDRICK, 2009). When the risks are identified earlier, the requisite intervention measures are carried out in time and this ensures that the process of the project flows smoothly. Essentially, when risks occur in a project process,

Client privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Client privacy - Essay Example 3 (aspe.hhs.gov ). Among the responsibilities of this agency according HIPAA Privacy rules are (CFR Â § 164.504, qtd. from cdc.gov, 2003): inform individuals about their privacy rights and how their PHI is used or disclosed; adopt and implement internal privacy policies and procedures; It is then but appropriate to come up with policies that must be strictly followed by the staff of the organization, especially the social workers. Social workers must adhere to their Code of Ethics as well as national and state policies that protect the confidentiality of patient’s records –electronic or printed. For this matter, this paper presents a guideline on sending by electronic transmission health information. In this digital age, agencies can efficiently transmit information by using technology such as electronic mail. Medical health professionals can exchange information about patients by sending images or copies of health information via e-mail. However, guidelines must be es tablished to prevent any abuse that could result to violation of privacy of patient’s records. This is the sample guideline for e-mail transmission of health information: 1.

Case study of Upton Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study of Upton Ltd - Essay Example This is a situation where the interests of the family members are more likely to conflict with the interests of the business such as adherence to the objectives, plans and goals of the company. In this regard, it can be predicted that if there is significant conflict of interest within the company a programmed decision of closure of the restaurant or part of its business units can be made. Samantha who is the manager of the toy department is engaged with her studies which mean that she does not have adequate time to play her role within the Toy department which serves significant activities and processes within the restaurant. This means that the productivity of the Toy department will deteriorate as a result of poor management or absentee manager. This can be used to predict the closure of this department within a programmed decision framework. Furthermore disagreement between Samantha and Albert, her uncle, reveals that there is poor communication within the management team which i s as a result of age differences and opinion of managers on the best strategy of conducting business activities. It is argued that when the management team is unable to come into a consensus over decisions because of divergent views and interests, failure in effective decision making is likely to result (Simons 34). Therefore failure in decision making which represents an important function of the management team leads to programmed decision for closure of the restaurant. From the Upton Ltd case, it is notable that the promotion of employees to the top management positions is rarely based on qualifications. This is illustrated by the fact that Claude who was a chef was promoted directly into the manager position in the restaurant. The management team of a company must be equipped with adequate skills, knowledge and competencies which are required for effective management. Failure of a manager to exhibit these skills means that his or her managerial roles will not be effective and as a result translating into business failure (Gorry and Morton 27). In this regard therefore the lack of qualifications among some managers within Upton Ltd can be argued to be a reflection of a predictable business failure and as a result reaching a programmed decision for the closure of the restaurant. Lack of the stock control system within Upton Ltd demonstrates a looming failure in the business processes of the restaurant which can be used to make a programmed decision for closure is nothing is done soon to solve the problem. This problem within the restaurant is further revealed by the fact that storage of stock is largely inadequate and ineffective. In addition, it is notable from the case study that the equipment that is used within the restaurant is old and rarely maintained. Inappropriate equipment within a business entity is said to be the main cause of business process inefficiency which would lead to possible discontinuity of business processes (Gorry and Morton 31). It is therefore reflective from the case study that the restaurant faces a risk of losing business continuity which makes a programmed decision for closure a reality in the Upton Ltd case. Customer service is inefficient within the restaurant as reflected by the fact th

Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events Essay Example for Free

Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events Essay Abraham Lincoln was elected the President of the United States in 1860 with an anti-slavery agenda, and this gave the impression to the Southern States that they no longer belonged in the Union. South Carolina became the first state to secede the Union on December 20, 1860. In the following few months six more states, whose agriculture based economy was dependent on the free labor slavery provided, followed South Carolina’s lead and followed suit. The seven states, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas formed the Confederate States of America and chose the Mississippi senator, Jefferson Davis as their interim president (PBS). Lincoln claimed in his inaugural address in March 1861that it was his responsibility to keep the Union intact. He went on to state that he would not end slavery where it existed, or take back the Fugitive Slave Law (a 1850 law requiring all runaway slaves to the Northern states where slavery did not exist, to be returned to their masters in the South). It was understandable why this position of Mr. Lincoln’s did not sit well with the African Americans or the white Americans against slavery, but what was surprising was that it did not do anything to satisfy the Confederacy. Hence, on April 12, 1861 the Confederates attacked Fort Summer and the Civil Started had started. Immediately following the attacks another four states, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee joined the Confederacy. Even though President Lincoln made it abundantly clear that he was fighting to keep the Union intact and not for slavery or for the rights of the blacks, from the very start the free African Americans rushed to enlist in the army. Their services were refused and laws refusing blacks the right to enlist in the army were maintained because Lincoln wanted to prove to the whites in the Northern states that their privileges as the superior race were not in any danger. The Confederacy on the other hand was using the enslaved labor for efforts to win the war. Slave labor was being used as nurses, laundresses, blacksmiths and they were working in factories and armories (PBS). As the Northern army managed to penetrate into the Southern territory, there was a large influx of refugees. The slave fugitives were labeled â€Å"contraband of war† and if it could be proven that their labor was used to help the Confederacy they were given their freedom. Despite declaring the black fugitives free, Lincoln still firmly held on to the idea that this war was not about setting the slaves free but holding the Union together. By early 1862 Lincoln was beginning to think that some kind of an emancipation order was needed if North was to win. The Proclamation As the war drew on, a number of governments in Europe started to think about recognizing the Confederacy and interceding against the Union. Also at home the Congressional and public opinion grew more towards the fact that slavery was not right and it needed to be abolished as a policy of war. Faced with such mounting pressure from all sides Lincoln felt that if a declaration was made to free the slaves, then European opinion would be with the North, and he would get the support needed for his own administration and the war effort, that he decided to draft the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 (Emancipation Proclamation). On July 13, 1862, Lincoln read out the prelude proclamation to his Secretaries William H. Seward and Gideon Wells and both were left at a loss for words, and Lincoln did not discuss the matter further. On July 22 Lincoln read the Proclamation at his Cabinet meeting and got a mixed reaction. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, deciphered the measure as a method of taking the slave labor away from the Confederacy while allowing more men into the Union Army and supported its release as soon as possible, the Postmaster General Montgomery Blair predicted doom in the fall elections, while the Attorney General Edward Bates was against equality in the political and civil arena for the Blacks. Since the President was not concerned about his Cabinet’s view of the substance of the Proclamation only its style, the direction on future action was set (www. memory. loc. gov). To show that the proclamation was being issued out of strength and not a sign of weakness, Secretary of State Seward recommended that Lincoln not issue it until there was some significant Union victory. The opportunity presented itself when there was a Union victory at Antietam on September 22, 1862 and five days after that Lincoln issued the Proclamation which became effective on January 1, 1863. The chief function of the proclamation was to bring peace back and restore Union control, and was perceived as a firm commitment to abolish slavery. Proclamation also turned around the strengths of the warring parties by taking away the slave labor from the confederates, whose backbone in war efforts was formed by the slaves and gave this advantage to the Union (Borade). England and France were dependent upon the cotton they got from the South, and the Confederacy was hopeful that these countries would enter the war on their side. By turning the war into a fight against slavery, England and France sided with the Union because their citizens were against slavery (Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events, 2009). The purpose of limiting the proclamation to a few states was because Lincoln had the authority to take such an action on his own, a proclamation like this would not have Constitutional power over Union states since they had certain rights (The Emancipation Proclamation). In reality the proclamation freed very few slaves, because the border states fighting for the Union were not affected by it, nor were the southern areas already under Union control, and the rebellious states ignored the order. The Emancipation Proclamation is made up of two executive orders; the first order stated that if the breakaway did not put an end to the war and return to the Union by 1 January 1863, then all the slaves in the Confederate States would be set free. The second order listed the specific states to which the order applied. The Proclamation also had clauses which focused on rebellion and how to do away with it. It was stated that any individual starting a rebellion would be incarcerated for ten years and would be fined ten thousand dollars. If on the other hand, the individual freed his slaves, the court would not punish them (Borade). The proclamation also said that freed slaves who met with the necessary requirements would be allowed into the armed services of the Union, which was a major shift from the previous policy. The original Emancipation Proclamation is housed in the National Archives in Washington D. C. , and covers five pages of text. It was held together with thin red and blue ribbons which were stuck to the page that has signatures by the seal of the United States. The emancipation document was transferred from the Department of State to the National Archives in 1936 (Emancipation Proclamation). Works Cited Borade, G. (n. d. ). Purpose and Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation. Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www. buzzle. com: http:/www. buzzle. com/articles/purpose-and-effects-of-the-emancipation-proclamation. html Emancipation Proclamation. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www. archives. gov: http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/ Emancipation Proclamation. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 2, 2010, from www. Encyclopaedia Britannica: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/185468/Emancipation-Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events. (2009, January 01). Retrieved August 03, 2010, from www. robinsonlibrary. com: http://robinsonlibrary. com/america/unitedstates/1783/slavery/emancipation. htm PBS. (n. d. ). www. pbs. org. Retrieved August 2, 2010, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967. html The Emancipation Proclamation. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www. usconstitution. net: http://www. usconstitution. net/eman. html www. memory. loc. gov. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 2, 2010, from http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/alhtml/almintr. html

Lacan, Foucault, Sedgwick, Binary Essay Example for Free

Lacan, Foucault, Sedgwick, Binary Essay The world consists of a collection of dual concepts. Things either are or they are not, especially at the level of conception. One is either alive or dead; there are no in-betweens with this notion. In the essay, The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as revealed in Psychoanalytical Experience, Jacques Lacan describes a certain binary that takes place, and interacts, within a child as soon as they learn to recognize their own image. Lacans recognition of this initial dualism that takes place in an infant, leads to the recognition of several other dualisms. Michel Foucault speaks of a binary when speaking of sex and sexuality in chapter one of The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, an Introduction. In the second Axiom from Epistemology of the Closet, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick discusses the heterosexual and homosexual dichotomy. Lacan believes that after eighteen months, a child discovers its libidinal dynamism (1286). Libidinal means psychic and emotional energy associated with instinctual biological drives. Dynamism means active and interactive movement. Through action and interaction with its psychic and emotional energy, instinctual biological drives in a childs mind. It is through this dual and cooperative interaction between the physical and metaphysical, in the mirror, that a child begins to form identification with itself and its reflection. Via this reflection, the child will see its body as Gesalt, a collection of parts of the whole (Lacan 1286). The child views the sum of its biological, physical, and psychological bodies as an entire unit; being made up of several different parts, and at the same time just a singular object. The child recognizes and views its reflection in relation to its surroundings, i. e. urniture, itself, its mother, yet this realization that unites the childs parts to form a singular I. This mental permanence, meaning the child will permanently see itself as I, is what will alienate others due its large singular view of itself, and not a view as part of a whole. With the childs actualization of its image and that it can be seen and interpreted, it shall then recognize a binary of physical reality and dream reality. The dream realm is a reality of sorts, in the sense that it is real because it is experienced. That dream realm is then filled with not nly the childs own image, but the image of the physical world it inhabits while awake. This I image is thus residing in the spectrums of this binary where its realities exist both in the physical world and in the mental world. The mirror stage itself is an entire dualistic concept. On one hand, it marks the initial conception of self-actualization, while on the other, maps the libidinal normalization process. Foucault outlines the history of sex in terms of children, how they communicate it, who discusses it, and where it resides in the binary. Children have for many years had a freedom of language with their mentors in relation to sex (Foucault 1654). This is to say that there was less shame in the attitude towards sex. It was a very openly discussed topic outside the realm of perversion and deviance. It was not until the seventeenth century that the French bourgeoisie placed a censorship on all speech that was of sexual manner. Children, across all social classes, gradually became more silent in regards to their sexuality (Foucault 1654). This notion of silence is where duality comes into to play, or lack thereof. Foucault defines silence as the things one declines to say, or is forbidden to name, the discretion that is required between different speakers, (1654). Foucault views silence as a non-passive action, even if it may appear to be doing nothing. One can convey a message just as effectively, and arguably more, by remaining silent than actually speaking. Silence is something that functions alongside speech in such a way that it becomes difficult to differentiate the two in terms of the outcomes they produce. Foucault acknowledges this lack of binary by stating that there is no division to be made between what one says and what one does not say (1654). In terms of the government enforced censorship on sexuality and speech during the 1600s, this silence surrounding sexuality spoke volumes more than explicit dialogue about it. During this time another binary became prevalent, the public and the private. While the people remained relatively silent in public, they were conversing greatly privately. In the 1700s this silence multiplied the forms of discourse on the subject of sex (Foucault 1655). The topic of children sex exploded with many participants partaking in the discussion. There was a great market for this discourse on sex that included the realms of medicine and politics, often interweaving the two. The topic of sex was forced out of the private realm into the public. Foucault says that sex has become something society cannot speak enough about, that [society] convinced [itself] that [they] have never said enough on the subject, throwing society onto a perpetual search for answers (1657). The sexual realm does not reside in the binary of public and private, of being secret or outspoken, yet resides in both. It is because of this need for secrecy that sex has taken such a firm place outside of being a secret. Foucault says society teeters on the middle of the binary system of public and private, that society has consigned sex to a shadow existence, but that they dedicated themselves to speaking of it ad infinitum, while exploiting it as the secret (1658). The history of sex is a prime example of a concept being able to reside in the realms of the public and private binaries, and at the same time residing in neither. Sedgwick claims that sexuality lies in a realm separate than that of gender. She defines chromosomal sex as that of biology that follows the strict XX and XY chromosome pattern of distinction among Homo Sapiens (Sedgwick 2439). She defines gender as an elaborate and rigid social production that strictly serves the binary of only male and female (Sedgwick 2439). She then defines sexuality as an array of acts, expectations, narratives, pleasures, identity-formations, and knowledge, in both women and men that focus on genital sensations, but not adequately defined by them (Sedgwick 2440). She states that gender is only one dimension of sexual choice and that sexuality strictly deals with how the individual feels and has no relation to, or effect on, procreation. Whereas chromosomal sex is strictly based on procreative purposes since it lies in the realm of biology, where a sexed male and a sexed female are the only sexes that can reproduce with each other. This notion thus makes sexuality the polar opposite of chromosomal sex, rather than gender being its opposite, in the binaries. She states that both gender and sexuality are concepts to be chosen. The differences between them are that gender serves the binary of male and female, while sexuality, contingent on the individual, are not limited by such a simple binary. This binaries construction was only to serve the male identity. Sedgwick says that any system with gender at its focus will have an inherent heterosexist bias, meaning that the female gender is constructed as a supplement to the male identity (2442). That the binary by which gender is trapped only exists because it required being a binary, the female gender only exists because the male gender required a counterpart. The binary of heterosexual and homosexual fits a deconstructive template more so than the binary of male and female, thus rendering sexual orientation and gender different. All people at birth are publicly assigned to one of two genders and because of this are forever unalterable. Sexual orientation, on the other hand, is often times rearrangeable, ambiguous, and has a doubleness quality to it that allows for easy alterations (Sedgwick 2444). Sedgwick does not find the gender binary to be one of complexity, but of a rather simple and unchallengeable one. She states the essentialism of sexual orientation is less easy to maintain, incoherent, stressed and challenged (Sedgwick 2444). There is a contradictoriness to Sedgwicks claim that sexual orientation is easy to alter and rearrangeable, yet at the same time less easy to maintain. It is, however, this seemingly contradictoriness that makes sexual orientation different from the gender binary. It is this complexity and fluidity that gives sexual orientation its ability to make leaps and bounds across its multinary systems. The most important aspect of the difference between gender and sexual orientation is the fact that one can choose their sexuality, but not their gender. Lacan, Foucault, and Sedgwick all deal with historical values. That is to say, they deal with issues and topics that occur at the early stages of young life, thus making these dealings at the conception level of thought. Lacans mirror stage describes a childs actualization of self. Foucault deals with the history of sex and the history of childrens conception of sex. Sedgwick discusses the differences of sex, sexuality, and gender. The uniqueness of Sedgwicks notion is that gender is assigned at birth and can never be altered. This ties into Lacans mirror stage where once a child realizes its image, and the placement of that image in the world it lives in, it can never un-see that image, and moreover, can never remove that image from its surroundings. Foucault greatly discusses children in his chapter, however he does not delve deeper as to what about children relate to their sex. Sedgwick supplies contextual substance to Foucaults article that deals mainly with the history of sex and not the sex itself. Lacans concept of self-actualization of the I, can be coupled with Sedgwicks gender assignment at birth, that the I is gendered, and will effect, and often dictate, the childs asymptomatic journey to reach it. Lacans concept of the binary of physical and metaphysical realization of self-image, is the basis for a binary discussion, something either is or is not physically here. Foucault discusses the history of sex and how a binary of speaking about sex or remaining silent does not exist. Sedgwick deals with the gender binary. This theory of dualism, binaries, dichotomy, lays foundation for these authors, and philosophers, and their works.

Human services Framework in USA Healthcare Organisations

Human services Framework in USA Healthcare Organisations Human services framework in the USA and related organizations The human services benefits in the US generally is considered as a consolidation of two significant open and private framework and dependably there is no any exceptional rationality in both of those assets. It mean identified with open wellbeing administrations and rules by the neighborhood, state and administrative level attempt to give astounding wellbeing administrations and private areas, therapeutic suppliers, clinics and facilities are dependably attempt to stay with higher models which executed by the legislative guides and rules. The real issue identified with this distinction is absence of coordination between therapeutic administrations and open wellbeing activities. This contrast bring an additional cost and part of disarray for the individuals to get the same administration with more level expense and perplexity.. Case in point, in 2009 the central government utilized more than three trillion dollars on change of open wellbeing framework and administrations for group parts in diverse divisions like Medicare, Medicaid, CHIPS, gold cards and free group forethought administrations. At the same time, shockingly more than ninety millions US people groups are experiencing nonattendance of protection or high medicinal expenses also (Bodenheimer, 1999). Numerous individuals are whined that they pay the doctors visit expenses more than a few times more than other western nations identified with open wellbeing administrations however the sentiment shows they are truly unsatisfied with their neighborhood open wellbeing administrations and nature of displaying of restorative or preventive projects. Low fulfillment and trouble to get to restorative or preventive administrations particularly for suburb populaces may be identified with absence of coordination between all official wellbeing offices in diverse levels. Obviously, for some individual the holding up time for going to by PCP or other medicinal administration suppliers is shorter contrast with different nations however numerous analysts reason that the nonattendance of protection and trouble to pay the hospital expense is the significant reason for evading doctors facilities or searching for exorbitant restorative administrations. At long last, because of intricacy of medicinal services frameworks in states and regions and distinction in translation of open laws then there is no reasonable and simple methodology to understanding of center capacities for the greater part of the Department of Health Services (DHS) business locales. Still, I have to specify that the US populaces use a lot of cash for therapeutic administrations and open wellbeing administrations and its connected extensions is truly go about as a most questionable allotment of everybody life to handle the complexities of health awareness business locales and its connected exhibitions. ROI and public health marketing ports Effect of ROI after five years investment for public health services ($9/person) America spends $2.7 trillion annually on health care which it is more than any other nations. Too often, the policy for current health care system is more enactive on therapeutic issues of disorders and incidences compare to preventive intervention. For example, related to stop smoking preventive plan, the US spent more than 100 billion dollars of tax payer to enforce cigarettes smoking in public areas and rehabilitation programs by community hospitals. Obesity control programs is another society issues which always associated by other chronic diseases like high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes and chronic joint diseases. In one report by the CDC, obesity control plans associated with more than 60 billion dollars costs for federal government as well. The major question is why the government spent billion dollars to treat the preventable diseases compare to other western countries? May be the reason why is that the public health official mostly focus on treatment than prevention. In addition, due to lack of efficient insurance could not participate in preventive programs likes check blood sugar, blood pressure or regular office visiting. I need to add that the rate of chronic diseases in American is very high like carcinoma, heart stroke, COPD and diabetes mellitus. In a recent report, the mortality rate among American due to chronic diseases are considered as 70% and cost of public health budget for above diseases are approximately more than 70 percent of public health budget. I believe, the current opinion regarding to treatment must be switched to preventive initiatives and need a pervasive approach to change of therapeutic culture to preventive methods. In other hand, by changing policy direction toward to prevention then the public health officials could easily recover a lot of cost to spend the money to build up a very strong infrastructure for nation public health. I am pretty sure that in recent changing the culture toward preventive medicine and educating plans could save a lot of budget and lives and divert to cover all community members by strong insurance plans and increasing health service standards. Key findings related to changing policy toward preventive initiative are: -A 2011 study published in Health Affairs found that increased spending by local public health departments can save lives currently lost to preventable illnesses.7 -Researchers mapped spending by local public health agencies from 1995 through 2005 with preventable mortality rates in each agency’s respective jurisdiction. The study found that on average, local public health spending rose from $35 per person in year 1993 to $41per person for year2005 which it shows an increase of more than 19%. For each increase a dollar in local public health spending, there were significant decreases in infant mortality rate (7 percent drop), deaths from cardiovascular disease (3% drop), deaths from diabetes (1.5% drop), and deaths from neoplasms (1% drop). -The 5% decrease in cardiovascular disease mortality required for local health agencies to spend, on average, an additional $350000 each year. In contrast, achieving the same reduction in deaths from cardiovascular disease by focusing on treatment and other traditional health care approaches would require an additional 27 primary care physicians in the average metropolitan community. To put this comparison in perspective, the median salary for a single primary care physician was $200000 in 2010 – as a result, 27 primary care physicians would cost nearly $6 million or more than 37 times the public health investment. -A follow-up to this study presented at the 2013 American Public Health Association Annual Meeting found that low-income communities experience the largest health and economic gains with respect to increases in local public health spending. Researchers again examined spending by local public health agencies to determine the specific types of communities that benefit most from additional public health investments. The study found that the health and economic effects of public health spending were 20-45% larger in low-income communities (bottom 20 percent) as compared to the average community. -Lower death rates and health care costs were seen especially in communities that allocated their public health funding across a broader mix of preventive services. -A 2011 Urban Institute study concluded that it is in the nation’s best interest from both a health and economic standpoint to maintain funding for evidence based public health programs that save lives and bring down costs. Researchers examined the financial costs and health ramifications of ignoring disease prevention. The American health awareness framework right now uses $238 billion for every year in abundance costs – characterized as the distinction between the expenses of look after individuals with preventable incessant illness and those without – to treat individuals with different types of diseases like diabetes, hypertension, coronary illness and stroke. More than a large portion of those expenses are financed through Medicare and Medicaid. Left unchecked, those overabundance costs would climb to $500 billion for every year by 2030, with about $300 billion financed by Medicare and Medicaid. By 2030, if flow patterns precede for constant illnesses among all people’s ages 55-65 years old, one-third will have hypertension, more than one quarter will have diabetes, more than 11 percent will have coronary illness, and almost two percent will have strokes. Comparable pervasiveness rate builds might be normal for people’s ages 65 years or more seasoned – specifically, more than 50% of persons in this age gathering will have diabetes mellitus or hypertension. These builds will influence open segment plan as well as private segment expenses and intensity as well. Slowing the rate of development of these endless ailments will spare lives and cash. For occurrence, cutting the rate of unending infection development by even five percent would spare Medicare and Medicaid six billion dollars for every year by 2030; cutting the rate of constant malady development by 25 percent would spare $26.2 billion for every year; and cutting the rate of constant ailment development by 50 percent would spare $48.9 billion for every year. -Investments in essential anticipation projects wont just help abate the constant illness rate, yet have likewise been demonstrated to lower private protection fetches and move forward investment gainfulness while lessening laborer non-appearance. Truth be told, reserve funds accomplished through counteractive action projects can altogether and rapidly exceed beginning, forthright speculations. A 2011 study distributed in Health Affairs demonstrated that a consolidation of three systems – growing wellbeing protection scope, conveying better preventive and incessant mind, and concentrating on group counteractive action is more viable at sparing lives and cash than executing any of these methodologies alone. Specialists tried each of the three procedures in an element recreation model of the United States wellbeing mind framework. The study found that while each of the three procedures recovery exists and enhance financial conditions, protection scope and therapeutic tend to perpetual conditions lead to expand in wellbeing expenses. Of the three, just those steps identified with aversion moderate the development in the predominance of infection and damage, reducing the interest on restricted essential forethought limit. -Adding group avoidance components, for example, lessening introduction to used smoke and offering more open doors for physical action to an extension of protection scope and therapeutic consideration could spare 90 percent more lives whats more decrease expenses by 20% inside 10 years; those figures ascent to 150% whats more 58%, individually, inside next 20 years. In 2008, Trust for Americas Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation discharged a report demonstrating that a venture of $10 for every individual yearly in demonstrated, group based open wellbeing projects could spare the United States more than $15 billion inside five years—a 6 billion return for each $1 per capita contributed. The report mainly focused around a model created via specialists at the Urban Institute and an audit of studies led by the New York Academy of Medicine – concentrated on group based ailment anticipation programs that dont oblige medicinal forethought. Extra findings included: 1- The $16 billion in funds would be spread through Medicare ($5 billion), Medicaid ($1.9 billion), and private payers ($9 billion). 2- Every state in the country would be suffering because of potential profit for venture inside that five-year period, going from a rate of 3.7 to 1 at the low end to 9.9 to 1 on the high end. What is the estimation of a solid open wellbeing framework? The responses are truly surrounding us: circulating everywhere we inhale, the water we drink, the sustenance we consume, and the spots where we live, learn, work and play. This current years main topic for ROI, Efficient Public Health is ROI: Save Lives, Save Money, highlights the quantifiable profit, or ROI, that open wellbeing projects and administrations convey in securing our wellbeing and decreasing therapeutic expenses from infections that could be anticipated. If we realize that putting $10 for every individual every year in group based with wellbeing exercises programs then could spare more than twenty billion dollars for next five years? That means it is simply returned more than six billion dollars for each dollar per person contributed by ROI program. Furthermore that is simply the outcome of an efficient ROI plan. In addition, routine kids’ vaccinations save $10 million in immediate health preventive expenses, spare 33,000 lives and keep 14 million instances of sickness. However, with spare of each $1 per person to provide preventive resource budget like into the countrys drug abuse prevention then the public health officials could spares more than fifteen dollars in medicinal expenses and treatment and in the end gainful policy by local ROI, an aggregate of more than two billion dollars brings consistently. Another outcome with efficient ROI is related to preventive measure and AIDS diseases. During years 1995-2005, speculations regarding of HIV control by counteractive actions turned away more than 400,000 new infected individuals and spared more than hundred billion in therapeutic expenses. For smoking preventive measure then using of smart ROI which is fitted to the community size and culture, could be bring more than three dollars saving cost for each one dollar contributed to public health budget. And for illicit drug prevention treatment has an ROI of six dollars for every one dollar invested for preventive programs. References: Bodenheimer, T. (1999). The American health care systemthe movement for improved quality in health care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340(6), 488-492.

The Role of Media in Reporting Child Abuse Essays -- The Media and Chi

The media began to report upon child abuse when society decided that it was no longer a family issue. A study conducted by Fishman in 1978, stated that crimes perceived as â€Å"family matters†, such as child abuse and wife beating, were keep private because they were too common to warrant interest from journalists (McDevitt, p. 264, 1996). In fact, public attention to child abuse as a problem within our society â€Å"has often been tied to media attention on the subject† (McDevitt, p. 262, 1996). The media’s role in reporting child abuse is to help deter child abuse perpetrators and to inform the public. The media has the ability to make a negative or positive impact on the preception of child abuse. The publications about child abuse inform the public about different types of child abuse and neglect and incidents that happen within their community, and how to report child abuse. They serve to â€Å"sensitize, arouse public opinion on issues, influence policymakers, and call problem agencies to account† (McDevitt, p. 270, 1996). Understanding Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse is prevalent within our society. Some child experts â€Å"argue that almost all parents are guilty of emotional maltreatment of child at some time or another† (Crosson-Tower, p. 211, 2010). However, it remains â€Å"the most difficult type of abuse or neglect to define or isolate† (Rees, p. 59, 2010). While physical abuse leaves detectable signs like scars and bruises, emotional abuse is hidden deep within a person. It lacks the public profile of sexual or physical abuse (Rees, p. 59, 2010). Emotional abuse can be understood as the â€Å"failure to provide children with an emotional environment conducive to adequate psychological, developmental and physical progress to ac... ... Goldman, R. (2011, March 7). Jorge and Carmen Barahona's alleged beating death of daughter called 'subhuman'. ABC News, pp. 1-2. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/police-jorge-carmen-barahona-beat-death-adopted-daughter/story?id=13077739#.TyF0fPlG3xg Green, T. D. (2012, January 17). Alleged child rape, torture recounted in trial. The Leaf Chronicle, pp. 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.theleafchronicle.com/article/20120118/NEWS01/201180314/Alleged-child-rape-torture-recounted IJzendoom, M., Euser, E., Prinzie, P., Juffer, F., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2009). Elevated risk of child maltreatment in families with stepparetns but not with adoptive parents. 369-375: Child Maltreatment. McDevitt, S. (1996). The impact of news media on child abuse reporting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 261-274. Rees, C. A. (2010). Understanding emotional abuse. Arch Dis Child, 59-67.

fidel castro Essay -- essays research papers

The United States of America is a country that believes in democracy and has unfavorable ties with communist countries. The United States has tried for decades to improve relations with the countries that don’t practice democracy. History shows disagreements between the United States and dictators of these irreverent countries, disagreements that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The most recent of these confrontations involved three countries. United States of America, Cuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Fidel Castro is a Cuban revolutionary, who took control of Cuba in 1959 and established a Communist dictatorship. Castro, who was born in Mayari, became the leader of an underground, anti-government faction. In 1956, he led a rebellion that won increasing popular support. Eventually Castro forced Batista y Zaldivar, who was the premier of Cuba to flee the country. Once in power Castro executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponents, nationalized industry, collectivized agriculture, and established a one-party socialist state. In the early 1960’s Castro openly embraced Communism and formed close ties with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), relying on Soviet economic and military aid approving limited economic reforms that legalized some free enterprise. In Cuba, an estimated $1 billion in U.S.-owned properties were seized in 1960. The Castro government seized oil refineries, sugar mills, and electric utilities owned by th...

Characteristics for good governance in Afghanistan Essay

Good governance is perhaps the single and most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development. The terms â€Å"governance† and â€Å"good governance† are now fully part of the language of development whereas bad governance is broadly recognized as a root cause of poverty, good governance is often seen as a way to cure all social and political and economic ills. Donors and companies are increasingly basing their aid and investments on countries based on governance conditions or plans for reform. Some equate governance failure with global trends such as climate change or the youth bulge as a force are able to rapidly undo development efforts, whereas governance success has the potentiality to quickly leverage and sustain development gains. Governance is thus a central part of the development landscape. Governance is also a powerful component of integrated programming for Mercy Corps and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Since, at its core, gov ernance is about decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented, its influence cross-cuts all sectors and locations of relief and development programming. Mercy Corps believes that each country needs to decide its own economic and social priorities with leadership from government, in partnership with and accountable to the people who live in the country. Good governance brings the informed will of the people into governments’  decision-making. In this way, good governance is not an end in itself, but rather a means to building and sustaining secure, productive and just communities Characteristics for good governance in Afghanistan Afghanistan is going through a transition period which involves the transfer of security responsibilities from international troops to Afghan authorities. At the same time it is being considered that transition of security arrangements alone would not solve the issues in Afghanistan. Rather the overall scenario has to go through a transition. The country has to seek a suitable reconciliation process and above all the Afghan political system has to go through a process of change so as to make it able to govern its people properly. There have been controversies regarding Afghan government and its capacity to deal with the challenges within the country. In fact, it has been observed that Afghan government has not been able to provide rudimentary requirements of life to majority of its people and have not been able to seek appropriate solution to various political problems that influence the system to a great extent. There has been a label of corruption and many, both in national and int ernational circles, do not believe that it has the potential to achieve ‘good governance’. Though the international community has, on various occasions, emphasized that their support is conditioned on the basis of good governance yet there has not been major steps taken by Afghan government to make achievements in this regard. A decade of support and assistance seems to have gone in vain and the country still suffers from myriads of problems. The capacity of good governance is judged by its potential to offer the basic requirements of life to the people easily and readily. Moreover, it must strive to raise the standard of living of the masses. Government stands as one of the most important actors in good governance. It is the government that decides whether good governance is achieved or not. There are certain important characteristics that must be achieved so as to establish it. Good governance has to be participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. Good governance str ives that there should be participation of all the important groups of the society within the decision making process  and must involve both men and women. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediates institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. Unfortunately, in our country Afghanistan the decision making is not carried out through proper participation of the representatives of the people. In fact, the decision making process is very much centralized. An important characteristic of good governance is that it is consensus oriented. There are several actors and different opinions in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable h uman development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community. Afghan government has not been able to develop a strong consensus and the ruling class does not seem much bothered about any sort of consensus. Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Afghan government, on the other hand, has been formed in such a way that it is difficult to hold the Presidential Office accountable for its policies and actions. It can do whatever it wants without standing accountable to its people. As a matter of fact accountability can be achieved when there is transparency and the rule of law. However, both these characteristics seem to be non-existent in Afghan society. Transparency and rule of law can be maintained when there is proper separation of power and the different organs of state can function on their own independently. In fact, judiciary and law enforcement agencies must be capable to hold the law as the top priority matter. In Afghan political system the separation of powers is not clear and the judiciary is composed of what the Presidential Office decides. Moreover , the powerful and the rich are mostly considered  above the law and the poor and weak have to go through the ‘quagmire of law and order system’. Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. It means that it should be responsive. In the same way it should also ensure equity and inclusiveness. A society’s wellbeing depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their wellbeing but what Afghan government has to offer us is the negligence of the most vulnerable. The minority groups in fact suffer from lack of proper participation in decision making and they find their existence threatened within the society. Good governance also means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of environment. It is correct that all the characteristics mentioned above cannot be a chieved by a government or a society as they portray what an ideal governance must hold, but it is also true that there are many nations in the world that, to a satisfying extent, have achieved most of them. Therefore, Afghan government has to strive to achieve these characteristics if it really wants to achieve ‘good governance’ and wants to serve its people in a better way. Conclusion Good governance is perhaps the single and most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development. Good governance is often seen as a way to cure all social and political and economic ills. Donors and companies are increasingly basing their aid and investments on countries based on governance conditions or plans for reform. The capacity of good governance is judged by its potential to offer the basic requirements of life to the people easily and readily. Moreover, it must strive to raise the standard of living of the masses. Government stands as one of the most important actors in good governance To conclude; the good characteristics for Afghanistan government are: 1. Delivery of basic services to its people 2. Defending and protecting national interest and lives of its people. 3.  Implementation of law and protecting its sovereignty. 4. Monitoring and implementing of law and the three branches of government as Judiciary, Executive, Legislature 5. Effective and adequate organizations and departments headed by right persons, decision making and implementing etc. . 6. Participation between government and public. 7. Prevention and fight against corruption and social injustice. 8. Good relations with neighboring countries like IRAN, Pakistan 9. Accountability to the public and heard the voice of vulnerable in country. 10. Government should prepare the ground for domestic and foreign investors. 11. Tasks based on meritocracy 12. Fight against discrimination which still exists and plays a vital role in our country. 13. Improve of economy and decrease unemployment, poverty level. 14. Control and monitor the monetary policy in country by central bank of Afghanistan. Reference 1. http://go.worldbank.org/M1JHE0Z280 2. David Brown is Director, Special Projects, at the Public Policy Forum, Ottawa, Canada and former President of the IIAS. David Brown 3. International Review of Administrative Sciences 2005; 71; 241 DOI: 10.1177/0020852305053883 4. http://msg-itlg.blogspot.com/2008/01/advantagesdisadvantages-of-electronic.html

The Non Dredged Reclamation Method Environmental Sciences Essay

With the rapid economic and population growing, assorted economic, societal, lodging and conveyance demands of the community are increasing, ensuing in increasing demand for land supply. Due to the limited land supply, renewal is normally used to undertake the job in Hong Kong. However, renewal does non merely lend to the economic development but besides the environmental debasement. In this essay, jobs caused by renewal and possible solutions will be discussed. As mentioned in Environmental Impact Assessment Report ( 2001 ) , dredging, disposal of Marine clay and majority filling activities may give rise to many possible impacts on H2O quality. First, solids may be suspended in the H2O column. Second, as clay moving ridges and turbulent flow will be generated, by perturbation, organic and inorganic substances e.g. ammonium hydroxide, heavy metals and sulfides may be released into the H2O column. Third, during the compacting and settling procedure in site formation, contaminations and leachate may be given out from pore H2O and deposits severally. As a consequence, the marine H2O quality will be deteriorated. 2.2 Marine ecosystem Harmonizing to Chan ( 2000 ) , dredging and disposal of waste involved in renewal will convey inauspicious effects to the marine ecosystem. First, remotion of deposit may take to the loss of home ground. Second, marine beings may entrain during dredging. Third, dissolved O will be depleted and foods will be released into the H2O. In peculiar, if there is a important rise in the alimentary degree, algal productiveness will increase which may ensue in & A ; acirc ; ˆ?red tides & A ; acirc ; ˆA? . 2.3 Air quality The job of air pollution will originate during the operation period of renewal as a big sum of dust will be emitted where the & A ; acirc ; ˆ?dust & A ; acirc ; ˆA? here refers to general suspended particulates. Among assorted sorts of beginnings of air pollution, earthmoving ( lading, droping and bulldozing ) , haul route traffic on unpaved roads and wind eroding of the unfastened site country lower the air quality the most ( Chan, 2000 ) . Solutions 3.1 The non-dredged renewal method Traditionally, the soft Marine clay in the ocean floor is replaced by sand fill to do a strong foundation for seawall building. Dredging and disposing of Marine clay are therefore involved. As the dredging procedure in renewal is the cardinal cause for the environmental impacts mentioned above, the non-dredged renewal method is advocated for the future renewal undertakings. Making mention to Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Hong Kong Projects ( 2011 ) , this renewal method does non necessitate dredging the soft Marine clay in the ocean floor before backfilling. Alternatively, inert building and destruction stuff is used to make full many big interlocked steel cells. The steel cells will so drop in the H2O and remain on the alluvial sediment, organizing the margin wall. ( Items, 2011 ) As found in Items ( 2011 ) , the non-dredge renewal has many benefits over the conventional dredge breakwater building method. For case, dredging and dumping of Marine clay can be about wholly avoided. Besides, merely 30 % of the original suspended atoms will be released during renewal and merely half of the backfilling stuff will be needed. Thus the building Marine traffic can be decreased by about 50 % . It can be concluded that the non-dredge renewal method will convey less environmental impacts and therefore it is a better pick for renewal. 3.2 Development of belowground infinite Enhanced usage of belowground infinite is an effectual and executable option to increase land supply as Hong Kong is cragged and abundant with strong volcanic and flinty stones. This geographic characteristic favors the development of belowground infinite in Hong Kong. Rock caverns can be developed for assorted land utilizations such as crematory, substation, sewerage intervention installations etc ( Hong Kong Underground Space Study Executive Summary, 2009 ) . While both steps can alleviate the job of deficiency of available land, developing belowground infinite has some advantages over renewal. For illustration, some unwanted utilizations like garbage aggregation point can be built underground so that the impacts on the occupants populating nearby can be minimised. Furthermore, developing belowground infinite does non do much pollution or take away natural resources, which means that the natural environment can be preserved. Decision Though renewal can supply for the demands of the economic development, the conventional renewal method causes H2O pollution, air pollution and adversely affects the marine ecosystem, which is non an ideal act for the society. In order to strike a balance between economic growing and environmental preservation, the non-dredged renewal method should be adopted for future renewal undertakings as it is more environmentally friendly. In add-on to renewal, development of belowground infinite should be considered which can move as an option to increase land supply and reserve our valuable seaport.

Ragtime, My Time

RAGTIME, MY TIME by A. F White Comprehension test Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences and in your own words. 1. In two or three sentences, write the main idea of this article. * This article talks about the racism issue that the author had to deal with, he tells us a personal story that he had to went through because he is a black men. 2. According to the way the author was raised, what did he believe would bring people respect? He believed that qualities like been a hard working, been a good person, that always tell the true and been a gentleman would bring people respect 3. The author says in the essay that his life will never be the same. Explain two ways the author’s life has changed. Use specific details from the essay * First of all, the author’s life has changed because he was unfair arrested. â€Å"I was given even a second to use the manners my parents taught me, but mostly because the police whom I’d always thought were sup posed to serve and protect me, were actually hunting me. On the second place his life changed because after that horrible personal experience his feeling were hurt and the way that he told everything were, was completely different â€Å" before I was finally let go, exhausted, humiliated, embarrassed, and still in shock †¦ â€Å" 4. What does the author means when he says, â€Å"on that Friday afternoon, I became a real-life Coalhouse Walker† (par. 4)? * His role Coalhouse Walker Jr. in the Broadway musical ragtime is a victim of overt racism which happened the same to him in real life; he was a victim of overt racism. . According to the author, why might paramedics be coming to his building? * Because older people live in the same building 6. What things about the author did the police NOT consider? * The police not consider give explications to the four person who were arrested, they did not know why they were arrested or where they were going. 7. Why do you think th e author was automatically linked to the two Hispanic men in his building? * I think that is because the author is a black guy. 8.Even though the two Hispanic men were identified as experienced criminal, the author was still kept and questioned for five hours. What reason was he given by the police? Why do you think this happened? * The author still kept and questioned because the police wanted to find something on him that make him criminal too, the reason that the police gave to him was â€Å"standard procedure† and I think that this happened just because he is a black men 9. Why do you think the author cooperated with the police and what did they asked? I think he did it because in the first place he was raised as a good person who always tells the true and a very polite person and secondly because he did not had nothing to hide to the police he did not do something wrong also because he was a victim, they had guns. I think the police were very rude to him and they asked q uestions that could affected his feelings 10. Why does the author say that the police apology was a â€Å"pseudo-apology†? Do you agree with the author? Explain your answer. Yes, I am agree because the apology that the police gave to him was like a fake apology, after that the police said â€Å" you were at the wrong place and in the wrong time â€Å" it seems to me like the police tried to find a excuse for themselves, it wasn’t the author fault, he just was where he lived. DIRECTIONS: chose the correct answer 11. The author is a. An actor 12. The three other black men who were arrested were C . moving in to the building 13. When the author was handcuffed, he b. Remained calm and did what he was told. DIRECTIONS: write T for true or F for false 4. F The police let the author ask questions 15. F the police asked the author and the four other men where they going 16. T the author was on his way to the bank DIRECTIONS: write F for fact or O for opinion 17. F â€Å"on june 16, 1999 I was at my Harlem apartment. † 18. O â€Å" I was given a pseudo-apology† DIRECTIONS: on the line, write the noun that the pronoun is referring to. 19. â€Å" I thought THEY might be paramedics, since†¦ â€Å" They= police officers 20. â€Å"†¦ apologize for their mistakes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Their= police officers

History †bisness plan Essay

The owners of Excel Hygiene have been colleagues in a company which operated on a national scale, converting urban organic waste in to natural fertilizers for crop production in farms. This company has decided to focus on the rural sector and does not wish to expand its urban operations. Its major customer group is of farmers and owners of plantations. It has considered and rejected plans to enter health care lines. The agriculture and rural marketing business, while voluminous, is subject to the vagaries of nature. It is also intensely competitive, with narrow margins and uncertain demand levels. The bio-medical waste sector, on the other hand, is a rapidly rising star on the economic horizon. Demand for health care services is growing and assured. The number of competitors, as seen earlier, is limited, and consequently the margins are relatively attractive. The sector demands very high levels of service, but pay-offs are matching. Biotechnology is versatile with many future sectors which Excel Hygiene can address. There are many useful microbes in nature and their isolation and culture is relatively easy for those in the know. The owners of Excel Hygiene have succeeded in preparing and agreeing on a business plan. The latter has found favor with venture capitalists looking for biotech opportunities, so the company could be funded without denting the personal savings of the promoters too seriously. A crucial factor has been the timeliness of the new enterprise, though its aggression in bidding for a substantial price premium from the beginning is founded more on technical considerations of the safety advantage than any standard financial or economic wisdom. Market Definition Excel Hygiene plans to be a niche player with a very conservative market share target of just 1%. The first reason for this is the high premium the company wishes to charge for its differentiated products and services. It is possible that hospitals and doctors who do not attach much value to safety will not be willing to pay the higher prices. Further, health care institutions are conservative customers, and will take time to accept services from a new provider. The financiers behind the new enterprise also prefer quick and assured payback with high percentage returns to large volumes and top line growth. The entry strategy of Excel Hygiene is to secure contracts in relatively low-risk units of top quality institutions. Word of mouth promotion is very important in the health care community, so the new enterprise has to ensure that the most prestigious customers join its ranks first. The risks of switching to a new service provider are daunting in life saving units, but it is much easier to induce switches in routine areas. Excel hygiene will target waiting areas, food preparation zones, and general wards for its entry, staying away from competitive strongholds in Intensive Care and Casualty units. Excel Hygiene plans to hold seminars and to participate in scientific meetings on infection control to ensure word of mouth promotion of its services and image. Special efforts will be made to make spokespeople out of the best known doctors, surgeons, and para-medical workers, so that branding has a firm and stable base. The financial plans provide for this first phase to last the first full year of operations, and the second year will be used to leverage the accumulated goodwill by tripling the relatively small revenues of the first year. Excel Hygiene will invest in free demonstrations of its services for the first 6 months, backed by microbiology tests. This is to establish the reliability of the company’s services and to prove the efficacies of its novel range of biological products. The company will aim to have the results of these trials published, so that the investment can result in high growth during the second year of operations. A final element of strategy will be to liaise with regulatory authorities for endorsement of the company’s novel products. This approach will help to consolidate the small market share that the company hopes to forge within 2 years, and to protect its revenues during the subsequent years. The company hopes to excel by defining its business scope, territorial spread, and customer definition very tightly, seeking to specialize in a niche area. The emphasis is also on reassuring financiers since the company does not have a prior establishment in the market of substantial fixed asset covers. This conservative approach may be reviewed once the company has achieved its targets for the first five years. Quantitatively, Excel Hygiene targets net revenues of $500 thousand in the first year, rising to over $2 million by year 5. However, the major growth is expected during the second year itself. The infrastructure which has been planned will not allow full service coverage of more than 500 client units at a time within the designated territory. Hence, growth from the third year onwards will be marginal. It is typical in this business to suffer some client turnover, though it is equally possible to canvass for new contracts. Incineration and treatment capacities are other constraints to bear in mind.

Art And Architecture Of The Crusades History Essay

Art And Architecture Of The Crusades History Essay A man of eighty, wrote Lord Byron, has outlived probably three new schools of painting, two of architecture and poetry and a hundred in dress. Byrons sentiment would certainly ring true for most periods of those facets of human history, but the medieval time of the crusades was an exception to that rule to a large extent. Western Europe was nearly a century into the High Middle Age period when Pope Urban II called the first crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095. This was the time of the medieval renaissance with an explosion of invention and advancement in invention, technology, culture and commercial pursuits. Painting, dress, and literature developed and were influenced on a local and regional basis. The primary influence the crusaders took with them to the Levant was architectural. Two architectural styles emerged in Western Europe during the time of the crusades – Romanesque from approximately the 11th to late 12th century, and Gothic from the 12th century to well pa st the end of the last crusade. These two styles were used in church design and construction. William the Conqueror, ultimately seizing England in 1066, helped to usher in another form (not style) of architecture that would change the landscape of medieval Europe – castles. With Romanesque architecture being in place by 1095 and Gothic soon to follow, the influence of Western European structural design and castles was set to follow them to the Holy Land, and they would bring back certain architectural influences as well as manuscript elements that would contribute to an already-growing renaissance. Church building in the Holy Land must be addressed both before and after the arrival of the Crusaders. Though Muslims had been tolerant of non-Muslims for some time, namely Christians and Jews as â€Å"People of the Book,† that tolerance and the amicable relations between them were beginning to show signs of stress. Persecution of non-Muslims began to increase after the year 1000. Muslims began destroying Christian and Jewish architecture, culminating in the ordered destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on October 18, 1009, by Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Denys Pringle, a specialist on church art and architecture in the Holy Land during the crusades, writes, â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦by 1014, only a handful of church buildings, including the Nativity in Bethlehem and the monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, were left standing within the caliph’s lands.†Ã‚   [ 1 ]   The architectural history of the Holy Land is one that is fraught with the destruction of churches and monuments and their reconstruction when conditions improved. An example of this is the Anastasis, which was a rotunda in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. PRESENTATION IMAGE Photo – Christian religious icons, Istanbul, Turkey: Anastasis – Resurrection Fresco in Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem This is a fresco, or wall painting, depic ting the resurrection. The church was constructed by Constantine about 325 CE. It was later damaged during the Persian invasion of Jerusalem in 630 under Khosrau II, and finally ordered destroyed by Hakim. Pringle references this cycle of damage and destruction as creating a â€Å"tabula rasa,† or blank slate, upon which architecture Crusaders could later build. This was significant to the Crusade architecture that developed. The original buildings under Constantine were of course heavily influenced by Byzantine canons coupled with indigenous styles as was common to the familiarity of local people to provide easier acceptance for the sake of conversion. Had those structures remained intact, there would have been little if any room and certainly limited ability under even the most talented builder’s hand for Western influence to be added.

Markan Interpretation of Miracles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Markan Interpretation of Miracles - Essay Example The setting of the miracles is important and includes the physical environment in which the characters in the gospel lived, as well as, the props that make up the environment. Three settings figure prominently in the gospel of Mark; the wilderness, the sea, and Jerusalem. The sea is important in the gospel of Mark, being referred to forty nine times or brought up directly. There is no other setting is given attention in the gospel of Mark. There is an obvious relationship between the miracles present in the gospel of Mark and the sea and these are stressed in two ways: the placement of references to the sea in the gospel’s first half and the number of miracles happening in the sea. In the story of Mark, the sea is a locale of chaos, destruction, fellowship and instruction (Blackburn 32). In the Markan story events, the two thousand swine and all the demons that possessed them are drowned in the sea. In addition, a dramatic storm in the sea threatens Christ and his disciples wi th destruction. This scene served to demonstrate the faith and dominion of Jesus over evil, as well as reveal the disciples’ lack of faith. At one point, the writer describes Christ as teaching while in a boat. Jesus, in this case, is pictured as a man on the sea. Such images are filled with various possibilities for mediation between the spatial opposites. Such settings in the gospel of Mark cast an unquestionable link between the content of Christ’s parables, as well as his teachings of the kingdom’s in-breaking (Boring 12). The wilderness is encountered in the early parts of the of Mark’s gospel. John the Baptist makes an appearance in the wilderness, then Jesus is driven into the wilderness, and Peter then comes to him in the wilderness. Finally, Christ and his disciples go to the wilderness during a retreat, where the multitude follows them. In the opening chapter, mark points the audience towards the wilderness, four times, which bears importance fr om a symbolic or mythical standpoint. The Jewish scriptures offer two interpretations of the wilderness: a place of divine providence and divine testing, as well as a place containing prophesied transformation in the messianic age (Telford 40). The two aspects are linked into the Markan scheme. The wilderness threatens Yahweh’s people very existence, but also greatly illuminates God’s readiness and power to dispel the threat. There is evidence that the story of the wilderness carries a dual significance. The wilderness at times is threatening and hostile while, at other times it turns into a place of preparation. The wilderness is the locale for the testing of the disciples, as well as, a demonstration of God’s power in Christ. God’s provision of bread is made more dramatic in the gospel, by the harsh nature of the wilderness and can be associated with the incident during which Yahweh provided manna to the Israelites in the desert. Such emphasis on the se tting argues for the view that there is a deeper and parabolic meaning to the miracles performed in the desert (Telford 43). Jerusalem, just like the wilderness and the sea, provides a key setting for the narrative of Mark to take place. Jerusalem in the gospel is representative of the geo-political space within which the gospel can be interpreted. While reading the gospel of mark, the reader becomes gradually aware of the final destination of Christ is Jerusalem. In the gospel of Mar

Data Analysis of noise study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Analysis of noise study - Essay Example Finally, this scale has an absolute or fixed zero point. An employee who scores a zero in test must have answered all the questions incorrectly. The ANOVA is used whenever there are three or more groups to compare. In this case it would be an appropriate tool because there are three groups to compare; Constant Sound, Random Sound and with No Sound. (There is no difference in the mean productivity of those who have background music at constant volume, those who have background music at periodically varying volumes and those who do not have background music at all) (There is a difference in the mean productivity of those who have background music at constant volume, those who have background music at periodically varying volumes and those who do not have background music at all.) The test results are statistically significant at the 5% level; that is, at the 5% significance level, the data do provide sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the mean productivity of employees who have background music at constant volume, those who have background music at periodically varying volumes and those who do not have background music at all. Once we have obtained the results from One-Way ANOVA, follow-up tests are required to find out which group’s mean significantly differs from the other group means. The test which we will be conducting is called Tukey HSD test. (i) Since 2.766 (ii) The second part shows that 3.631 > 3.57 therefore there is a significant differences in the mean productivity of the group which have background music at constant volume and the group which who had no background music. (iii) Finally, the results of the last part reveal that as 0.864 < 3.57 therefore there are no significant differences in the